Key impressions
A starting point was work in Singapore with development of transition
teams to ensure continuity of care across the patient journey. Seamless care
without delays between services is perhaps a fundamental of all integrated care
programmes.
Tweet@nchadborn:
Jason Cheah>need to go beyond Wagner model of chronic
medical care to include social care #integratedcare
Tweet@Innovation_Unit:
Jason Cheah: have to be aware of pilot-itis and change
fatigue. some patients get stuck between pilots & rapidly lose faith
#integratedcare
Leadership is a key issue, with one speaker pointing out
that integrated care is now a management and leadership challenge, rather than
a technical one. It was also noted that the frequent recommendations for ‘leadership’
rarely go into more depth than that, and actually what is required is detailed practical
information about what is involved and how to go about it effectively.
Contrasting views
Many programmes involve population-level disease registers or
registers of people who are ‘at-risk’ of being admitted to hospital. Programmes
use registers to target people with specific diseases, requiring palliative
care, suffer from complications of diabetes, or are at risk of having a fall.
This contrasts with a more rural programme with small GP practices, who feel
that their personal knowledge of their population is superior to a register.
A common view was that programmes should be big enough to
yield significant efficiencies. This was described as needing to be big enough
to release whole-bays of beds in hospital, otherwise there wouldn’t be sufficient
recoverable savings in order to invest in community care. On the other hand
another view was that the size task of integrated projects should not be
underestimated and that projects should start small. There were similar
contrasting views expressed about incentives and choice, an English view was
that there was a need for comprehensive reform of payment structures to ensure
that integration is the preferred option (and presumably to avoid potential perverse
incentives). However the continental view was that commitment to integrated
care has to be voluntary, to preserve both patient choice and doctor autonomy.
Physical location was thought to be important, with co-located
services enabling personal interaction between the multidisciplinary team
members. However, in line with the strong discourse of benefits of information
and communication technology, the alternate view is that virtual integration
can be preferable, particularly when it is combined with in-depth computer analysis
of patient risk level and quality controls.
Finances and accountability were a common thread through the
day. Bundled payments were described as ways of commissioning care for multiple
service needs of people with long term conditions. One view centred the bundle
on the hospital and cautioned that all partners should take equitable shares rather
than the hospital dominating. However the Dutch experience indicated that
bundled care was centred on community care and that when an acute episode of the
illness occurred, the bundled payment was paused and separate hospital financing
took over (this indicates horizontal integration, with no integration of
hospital and primary care).
Case Management
Case management has been the focus of many UK pilots
including the majority of the
DH national evaluation. But what does good case management look like?
A recent KingsFund report states that it requires one person has accountability
(although another speaker described team shared accountability). The case
manager has the following diverse roles
- care provider
- listener
- feedback to teams
- care coordinator
Thus case managing is acknowledged to be a very specialist
role – requiring appropriate recruitment, training etc. The person
specification should not just be about clinical excellence; emotional intelligence
(EQ) probably more important.
Case management programme design:
- Targeting and eligibility to programme (getting
thresholds right)
- Manageable caseload (dependent on above)
- Single point of access and single assessment (importance
of assessment sometimes overlooked)
- Continuity of care
- Share data effectively (ICT)
A London based integrated health and social care programme included
routine health assessment for half of population of older people in community every
year. From this assessment, people who are at risk of deteriorating can be
targeted for intervention. Case management can then prevent exacerbation of long-term
conditions. However this raises another contrasting view, as a previous speaker
had indicated that case management interventions should be time-limited,
whereas a preventative intervention has to be ongoing, almost by definition. Of
course there may be differences in definition and practice to explain this
contrast.
Case management has a risk of becoming a bureaucratic
process, as it may drift towards focusing on coordinating health professionals,
rather than its patient centred origins. However at its best it empowers
patients with shared decision making. It is equally important to involve the informal
caregivers (partners and relatives) at this stage. Furthermore this can go
beyond individual or even population perspective of the programme; patients who
have been through the process could be professionally engaged to give support
to current patients, as well as facilitate improvements to the programme, not
just expert patients, but professional patients. There is potential here to
link with the ‘health and wealth’ agenda, although some concerns may be raised
of developing a disease-dependency culture.
Regional examples
The programme in Northumbria developed a Community Business
Unit which was relatively independent from the partnership Foundation Trust.
They found Transforming Community Services to be a natural progression of their
work (as opposed to several other pilots within the DH programme which felt that
TCS disrupted their programme). While some speakers thought that quick wins
were important within public sector delivery, the experience from Northumbria
was that it should be expected to take 5 years for programmes to bed-in.
Another example given was the Quebec PRISMA programme. This ‘single
point of access’ system was successful in the city, but has encountered
difficulty in rolling out across the province. The speaker indicated that this
may be due to a difficulty in maintaining strong leadership, following an
impassioned leader setting up the programme. Sustainability of innovation is a
key aspect of implementation of research and policy and forthcoming seminars by
Prof Graham Martin, in
Leicester (video will be available online) and
Nottingham (also available online) will
present research in this area.
In my opinion there is also a geographic factor at work in the
Quebec example; where programmes developed in urban areas may not ‘plug-and-play’
in rural areas. Similarly the Northumbria experience may be difficult to
replicate in conurbations.
Findings from the Netherlands and Germany were that it was
important to have a Network Manager who had a strategic oversight and some
degree of control over the care providers (GPs and others) and the service
providers (lab tests, medicines, ICT). It is not clear whether this is the
model which will develop in England, but if so, CCG’s may step into this role.
Tweet@nchadborn:
Helmut Hildebrandt>need network manager org for strategic
input #integratedcare apply theories from many disciplines incl org psychology
Tweet@nchadborn:
Hildebrandt> good data on improvements for hospitalisation
and survival #integratedcare with comparator group in Germany
In Germany there were two partners to the integrated
programme; a multidisciplinary physician network and a management company, this
may in some ways reflect the social health insurance financing model. A key
question posed by one of the Dutch presenters was –
what would it look like ifhealthcare was delivered like airlines:
Two speakers from US discussed accountability and finances. One
proposed that it was essential that financial incentives are aligned with
capabilities to respond, that is you shouldn’t expect a financial package to do
the whole job. The other emphasised the need for a triangle of accountability,
capabilities and incentives.
The final session was on commissioning within the new
structures of NHS England.
Tweet@TheKingsFund
MMc: inputs for integrated care for LTCs- pts in charge,
proactive & accessible prim care & coordinated health & social care
#integratedcare
Dr Martin McShane (NHS CB): NHSCB will have to work in
partnerhsip and enable CCGs to commission effectively for LTCs #integratedcare
Tweet@nchadborn
@docmdmartin >admission to hospital of someone with long
term conditions should be like tripwire for community health
@docmdmartin >admission to hospital of someone with long
term conditions should be like tripwire for community health
Two representatives from Monitor assuaged concerns that
anti-competition rules would constrain integration. Of course Monitor
prioritises quality of patient care over encouraging competition. Based on the
assumption that integrated care will improve patient experience and outcome,
Monitor have stated that they would not investigate integrated care programmes
for claims of anti-competitive behaviour.
However given the doubts raised earlier in the day that integrated care
doesn’t necessarily improve patient outcomes or experience, organisations may still
cautiously await further reassurance (and guidance documents) from Monitor.
Tweet@docmdmartin
Monitor expects individual cases of integrated care to be
dealt with through self assessment using rules guidance &advice
#integratedcare
My ‘typical academic’ take on the day was that it raised
more questions than answers. Furthermore several speakers emphasised the need
for continual evaluation to support ongoing development and improvement and the
need to communicate these findings nationally and internationally, and of
course academics are best placed for these tasks!
More soundbites:
“...requires huge amount of work and communication...”
“...prevention, effectiveness and efficiency...” and “salutogenesis”
“...the most important person in the integrated team is the
patient...”
